1. 建築或土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 中文3000字，急！！！！！要有參考文獻
論文範文是指論文寫作參考方面的範文，主要涉及到論文寫作規范、論文格式要求、論文內容要求、不同的學校要求不同，但基本都是細微的差別，總體基本都相似。由於論文範文本身的內容和性質不同，研究領域、對象、方法、表現方式不同，因此，論文範文就有不同的分類方法。論文範文分為專題型、論辯型、綜述型和綜合型四大類。
論文範文是指論文寫作參考方面的範文，主要涉及到論文寫作規范、論文格式要求、論文內容要求、不同的學校要求不同，但基本都是細微的差別，總體基本都相似。
為了探討和掌握論文的寫作規律和特點，需要對論文範文進行分類。由於論文範文本身的內容和性質不同，研究領域、對象、方法、表現方式不同，因此，論文範文就有不同的分類方法。
按內容性質和研究方法的不同可以把論文範文分為理論性論文範文、實驗性論文範文、描述性論文範文和設計性論文範文。
按議論的性質不同：可以把論文範文分為立論文範文和、駁論文範文。立論性的論文範文是指從正面闡述論證自己的觀點和主張。一篇論文側重於以立論為主，就屬於立論性論文範文。立論文要求論點鮮明，論據充分，論證嚴密，以理和事實服人。駁論性論文範文是指通過反駁別人的論點來樹立自己的論點和主張。如果論文範文側重於以駁論為主，批駁某些錯誤的觀點、見解、理論，就屬於駁論性論文範文。駁論文範文除按立論文對論點、論據、論證的要求以外，還要求針鋒相對，據理力爭。
2. 急求建築工程論文摘要的翻譯，求高手高高手翻譯，急求！！！！！！！！！！！！！
在網上查找一下，可能幫到你
3. 關於建築的文章翻譯成英文1500字 高分
建築學，藝術修造在哪些人的要求和建築材料是相關的以便裝備實用用途以及一種審美解答，因而不同與工程學建築的純凈的公共事業。 作為藝術，建築學本質上是抽象和非寫實的並且介入空間、容量、飛機、大量和空隙關系的操作。 因為大廈在經驗連續通常被領會而不是同時，時間也是在建築學的一個重要因素。 在多數建築學有整體結構可以被了解的沒有有利位置。 使用光和陰影，以及表面裝飾，可能很大地提高結構。 對大廈類型的The分析提供洞察入過去文化和時代。 在其中每一句更加巨大的樣式謊言一個偶然趨向亦不不是時髦，而且嚴肅和迫切實驗之後的期間將回答具體生活方式的需要指向。 勞方氣候、方法，可利用的手段材料和經濟全部強加他們的命令。 其中每一更加巨大的樣式由在新建工程方法的發現上援助了。 一旦開發，方法生存頑強，讓路，只有當社會改變或新的大廈技術減少了它時。 那個調優過程由現代建築學的歷史舉例證明，從對結構鋼和鋼的第一用途在中間第19分開發。
Until第20分。 有在建築construction—the崗位和楣石的三巨大發展或者橫梁式的，系統; 曲拱系統，言詞一致的類型，使用硬化入同類的大量的塑料材料或者推力類型，裝載被接受並且被抵消在確定點; 並且現代鋼骨骼系統。 在第20分。 大廈的新的形式構想了，與使用鋼筋混凝土和大地測量學和注重皮膚(輕的材料，加強了)結構的發展。
在國家之下的也See文章，即，美國建築學; 樣式，即，巴洛克式; 期間，即，哥特式建築和藝術; 各自的建築師，即， Andrea Palladio; 各自的文體和結構元素，即，網眼圖案，取向; 具體大廈鍵入，即，塔，公寓。
古老世界的Architecture
In埃及建築學，屬於將叫建築學的某些最早期的現存結構(BC架設由埃及人在3000之前)，崗位和楣石系統完全被使用了並且生產了在歷史的最早期的石柱狀大廈。 W亞洲建築學從同一個時代的使用了同一個系統; 然而，被成拱形的建築也被認識並且使用了。 Chaldaeans和亞述人，依賴在黏土作為他們的首要材料，遵守形成堅實殼潮濕的泥磚的被修造的有圓頂屋頂。
實驗的After世代與有限的品種大廈的希臘人給了簡單的崗位和楣石系統它是獲得的最純凈，多數完善的表示(參見帕台農神廟; 建築學命令)。 羅馬式建築，借用和結合希臘的專欄和亞洲的曲拱，生產了在西部世界中的各種各樣巨大的大廈。 他們的混凝土的重大發明在被重建的萬神殿(第2分使皇家建造者順利地利用W亞洲的穹頂建築和報道浩大的完整的地板面積用偉大的穹頂和圓頂。 A.D.; 看見在萬神殿之下)。
樣式的The演變在公元
The羅曼和早期的基督徒為頂房頂他們的大教堂大廳寬間距也使用了木捆。 希臘，中國，和日本建築學沒有使用建築穹頂系統。 然而，在羅馬帝國的亞洲分裂，穹頂發展繼續了; 拜占庭式的建築師在第6分試驗了新的原則並且開發了穹隅，精采地使用。 為Hagia Sophia教會在君士坦丁堡。
The童年中世紀的羅馬式建築學為強，簡單，巨型的在被切開的石頭執行的形式和穹頂是著名的。 在倫巴第羅馬式(第11分。)穹頂推力的拜占庭式的集中被肋骨設備和碼頭改進支持他們。 (參見支柱)，這里出現於胚胎的石工的有機支持的和支持的骨骼的想法，成為了中世紀建造者的激發的目標。 在13世紀哥特式建築它涌現了以被完善的形式，在Amiens和沙特爾大教堂里。
新生建築學(第15分The誕生。)開始了數百歲月的期間在期間現代世界多個和復雜大廈開始涌現的西部建築學的在，而同時新和強迫的結構構想沒出現。 羅馬上古的形式和裝飾品再次被復甦了和被定購了入無數的新的首要擔當為獲得這些作用的一個方便工具組合和結構。 復合體，高度裝飾的巴洛克式的樣式是首要顯示17世紀建築審美。 英王喬治一世至三世時期樣式是在建築學的著名的18世紀表示之中(參見英王喬治一世至三世時期建築學)。 第19分的前半。 被放棄了對經典復興和哥特式復興。
New世界，新的建築學
最新第19分的The建築師。 找到自己在科學、產業和速度被改造的世界。 新的折中主義出現了，例如根據École des花花公子藝術的建築學，並且什麼在英國和美國共同地稱維多利亞時代建築。 而鋼、鋼筋混凝土和電於在許多新的技術手段之中安排他們的，一個新的社會的需要按了他們。
After更多比一半世紀吸收和實驗，現代建築學，經常叫國際樣式，導致大膽和原始的大廈，經常在玻璃覆蓋的鋼亞結構令人驚訝的品種。 鮑豪斯建築學派是對現代建築學的強的影響。 當在建築學和工程學之間的線成為了engineering—airplane飛機棚陰影、20世紀建築學經常接近的工程學和現代工作，例如—often瞄準了並且達到了不容置疑的秀麗。 最近，後現代的建築學(參見後現代主義)，利用並且擴展現代主義技術創新，當經常合並從其他建築風格或期間時的文體的元素，變成國際運動。
Architecture, the art of building in which human requirements and construction materials are related so as to furnish practical use as well as an aesthetic solution, thus differing from the pure utility of engineering construction. As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves the manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, masses, and voids. Time is also an important factor in architecture, since a building is usually comprehended in a succession of experiences rather than all at once. In most architecture there is no one vantage point from which the whole structure can be understood. The use of light and shadow, as well as surface decoration, can greatly enhance a structure.
The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and eras. Behind each of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue, but a period of serious and urgent experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of life. Climate, methods of labor, available materials, and economy of means all impose their dictates. Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction methods. Once developed, a method survives tenaciously, giving way only when social changes or new building techniques have reced it. That evolutionary process is exemplified by the history of modern architecture, which developed from the first uses of structural iron and steel in the mid-19th cent.
Until the 20th cent. there were three great developments in architectural construction—the post-and-lintel, or trabeated, system; the arch system, either the cohesive type, employing plastic materials hardening into a homogeneous mass, or the thrust type, in which the loads are received and counterbalanced at definite points; and the modern steel-skeleton system. In the 20th cent. new forms of building have been devised, with the use of reinforced concrete and the development of geodesic and stressed-skin (light material, reinforced) structures.
See also articles under countries, e.g., American architecture; styles, e.g., baroque; periods, e.g., Gothic architecture and art; indivial architects, e.g., Andrea Palladio; indivial stylistic and structural elements, e.g., tracery, orientation; specific building types, e.g., pagoda, apartment house.
Architecture of the Ancient World
In Egyptian architecture, to which belong some of the earliest extant structures to be called architecture (erected by the Egyptians before 3000 B.C.), the post-and-lintel system was employed exclusively and proced the earliest stone columnar buildings in history. The architecture of W Asia from the same era employed the same system; however, arched construction was also known and used. The Chaldaeans and Assyrians, dependent upon clay as their chief material, built vaulted roofs of damp mud bricks that adhered to form a solid shell.
After generations of experimentation with buildings of limited variety the Greeks gave to the simple post-and-lintel system the purest, most perfect expression it was to attain (see Parthenon; orders of architecture). Roman architecture, borrowing and combining the columns of Greece and the arches of Asia, proced a wide variety of monumental buildings throughout the Western world. Their momentous invention of concrete enabled the imperial builders to exploit successfully the vault construction of W Asia and to cover vast unbroken floor spaces with great vaults and domes, as in the rebuilt Pantheon (2d cent. A.D.; see under pantheon).
The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era
The Romans and the early Christians also used the wooden truss for roofing the wide spans of their basilica halls. Neither Greek, Chinese, nor Japanese architecture used the vault system of construction. However, in the Asian division of the Roman Empire, vault development continued; Byzantine architects experimented with new principles and developed the pendentive, used brilliantly in the 6th cent. for the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
The Romanesque architecture of the early Middle Ages was notable for strong, simple, massive forms and vaults executed in cut stone. In Lombard Romanesque (11th cent.) the Byzantine concentration of vault thrusts was improved by the device of ribs and of piers to support them. The idea of an organic supporting and buttressing skeleton of masonry (see buttress), here appearing in embryo, became the vitalizing aim of the medieval builders. In 13th-century Gothic architecture it emerged in perfected form, as in the Amiens and Chartres cathedrals.
The birth of Renaissance architecture (15th cent.) inaugurated a period of several hundred years in Western architecture ring which the multiple and complex buildings of the modern world began to emerge, while at the same time no new and compelling structural conceptions appeared. The forms and ornaments of Roman antiquity were resuscitated again and again and were ordered into numberless new combinations, and structure served chiefly as a convenient tool for attaining these effects. The complex, highly decorated baroque style was the chief manifestation of the 17th-century architectural aesthetic. The Georgian style was among architecture's notable 18th-century expressions (see Georgian architecture). The first half of the 19th cent. was given over to the classic revival and the Gothic revival.
New World, New Architectures
The architects of the later 19th cent. found themselves in a world being reshaped by science, instry, and speed. A new eclecticism arose, such as the architecture based on the École des Beaux-Arts, and what is commonly called Victorian architecture in Britain and the United States. The needs of a new society pressed them, while steel, reinforced concrete, and electricity were among the many new technical means at their disposal.
After more than a half-century of assimilation and experimentation, modern architecture, often called the International style, proced an astonishing variety of daring and original buildings, often steel substructures sheathed in glass. The Bauhaus was a strong influence on modern architecture. As the line between architecture and engineering became a shadow, 20th-century architecture often approached engineering, and modern works of engineering—airplane hangars, for example—often aimed at and achieved an undeniable beauty. More recently, postmodern architecture (see postmodernism), which exploits and expands the technical innovations of modernism while often incorporating stylistic elements from other architectural styles or periods, has become an international movement.
4. 建築類英語論文加翻譯3000字
建築類英語論
我明白的
確
5. 求一篇關於建築的英文論文及翻譯
怎樣寫論文？ 建議你先去知網找相關論文研究，不會弄的話可以去我空間參考下網路找論文的介紹
6. 求一篇關於建築行業的3000字論文以及一篇外文翻譯
只要翻譯嗎?正文要嗎，我倒是可以提供
7. 在線翻譯——關於建築論文的
歐洲當前地熱資源利用和存儲的現狀
對於Burkhard Sanner, Constantine Karytsas,Dimitrios Mendrinos, Ladislaus Rybach我想應該是人名,
可翻譯為:伯科哈德專 桑河,康斯坦丁 卡瑞薩斯,笛米綽司屬 蒙卓那斯,萊荻絲勞司 瑞巴池
8. 建築論文翻譯
Q 我